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The Myth of Orpheus in Milton’s “L’Allegro,” “Il Penseroso,” and “Lycidas.”

Luiz Fernando Ferreira Sá


Abstract

In this study of John Milton's "L'Allegro," "Il Penseroso," and "Lycidas," the allusions to the Orpheus myth are analyzed through the perspective of an interpreting sign. The idea of an interpretant proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce and the semiotic relations theorized by Jorgen Dines Johansen serve as the theoretical basis upon which the Orpheus myth will be examined in view of its having been recreated in the poems and in its recreating powers. Since the three poems have different and opposing voices incorporated in the text, the Orpheus myth will be associated with the changes of voices, will be assessed as the modeling frame that underlies the transitions from an innocent to an enlightened viewpoint, and will be focused as the fragmented configuration of consciousness in the process of defining two orders of existence: the human and the divine. The pattern of enunciation of such consciousness is structured in a hesitant dialogics between the twin poems-"L'Allegro," and "Il Penseroso"-, and in a dialectics of becoming between the twin poems and "Lycidas."

Table of Contents    
1. Introduction 1  
1.1 The prospect of various choices 1  
1.2. The famous Orpheus, the survival of the myth, and Orphism 4  
1.3. The choice of Peircean semiotics over the French semiology 13  
2. Peircean and Johansenean semiotic models 23  
2.1. The semiotics of Peirce 23  
2.2. Why Peirce’s semiotics is acclaimed as well as deprecated 29  
2.3. Johansen’s semiotic pyramid 33  
3. John Milton's contexts 40  
3.1. Milton's life and times-a brief history 40  
3.2. Milton’s education and poetics 51  
3.3. Milton’s religious and philosophical opinions 56  
3.4 An overview of three centuries of Milton criticism and of his music 63  

4. Myth

70  
4.1 Medieval and Renaissance views on the myth of Orpheus 76  
4.2 The pastoral mythopoiesis and the Christ-Orpheus symbolic association 82  

5. The myth of Orpheus in Milton’s work

90  
5.1 Orpheus in Milton’s early writings 90  
5.2 "L'Allegro," "Il Penseroso," and "Lycidas:" poems of Milton's early maturity 103  
5.3. Milton's longer poems 114  
6. The status quaestionis of "L'Allegro," "Il Penseroso," and "Lycidas" 124  
6.1. The twin poems 124  
6.2. "Lycidas" and its criticism 131  
7. The Orpheus myth as interpretant of "Lycidas," "Il Penseroso," and "L'Allegro" 142  
7.1. The interpretant in literary semiotics 142  
7.2."Lycidas" -The Myth of Orpheus as Interpretant 146  
7.3. Melancholy Orpheus-the interpretant of "Il Penseroso" 168  
7.4. Slumberous Orpheus-the interpretant of "L'Allegro" 181  
8. The recreative powers of the Orpheus myth in "L'Allegro," "Il Penseroso," and "Lycidas"  196  
9. Bibliography 209  


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